Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 1 (week ending 7 January 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/48 | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | 2024/01 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 17 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 6 | 16 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 14 | 15 | 24 | 32 | 13 | 26 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 30 | 22 | 26 | 12 | 7 | 9 |
| Borrelia sp | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 34 | 21 | 30 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 233 | 200 | 218 | 207 | 141 | 145 |
| Campylobacter lari | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 3 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Campylobacter sp | 973 | 827 | 823 | 801 | 432 | 653 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 29 | 26 | 34 | 34 | 27 | 41 |
| Clostridium tetani | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 18 | 39 | 45 | 56 | 46 | 70 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - | 8 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 130 | 114 | 182 | 163 | 191 | 170 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 4 | - | 2 | 11 | 2 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 4,283 | 6,047 | 7,971 | 9,024 | 8,140 | 7,696 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 37 | 68 | 51 | 84 | 83 | 139 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 38 | 30 | 67 | 41 | 20 | 25 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 174 | 130 | 378 | 196 | 84 | 107 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 30 | 14 | 35 | 36 | 30 | 43 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 114 | 71 | 115 | 104 | 113 | 130 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | - | 2 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | 3 | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 21 | 5 | 11 | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 9 | 21 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 4 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 137 | 101 | 118 | 105 | 45 | 74 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | - | 4 | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 9 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 5 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 68 | 69 | 71 | 72 | 50 | 71 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 15 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 9 | 45 |
| Hepatitis B | 328 | 406 | 357 | 338 | 184 | 246 |
| Hepatitis C | 279 | 240 | 223 | 237 | 133 | 169 |
| Hepatitis D | 11 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 7 |
| Hepatitis E | 24 | 30 | 21 | 32 | 17 | 19 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 558 | 1,203 | 2,036 | 3,245 | 3,255 | 3,798 |
| Influenza B | 50 | 84 | 101 | 112 | 120 | 151 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 29 | 40 | 89 | 92 | 116 | 124 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella other named | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 1 |
| Legionella sp | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | - | 2 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 8 | 6 | 26 | 11 | 4 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 76 | 74 | 77 | 81 | 43 | 59 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 35 | 27 | 36 | 48 | 16 | 31 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | - | 1 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 10 | 4 | 16 | 29 | 29 | 44 |
| Mumps virus | 6 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 14 | - | 1 | 9 | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 5 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 49 | 48 | 51 | 55 | 49 | 34 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 4 | 10 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 7 | 21 | 14 | 19 | 8 | 12 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | - | - |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 59 | 58 | 53 | 52 | 7 | 15 |
| Salmonella chester | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 29 | 37 | 24 | 16 | 7 | 6 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | - | 8 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 11 | 17 | 14 | 41 | 39 | 73 |
| Salmonella stanley | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 30 | 17 | 21 | 23 | 12 | 14 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 31 | 24 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 8 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 4 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 16 | 24 | 19 | 21 | 6 | 12 |
| Shigella sonnei | 28 | 30 | 27 | 26 | 17 | 15 |
| Shigella sp | 55 | 47 | 35 | 50 | 25 | 39 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 65 | 59 | 66 | 67 | 65 | 86 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 135 | 149 | 186 | 174 | 189 | 250 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/48 | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | 2024/01 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | - | - | 2 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 5 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Enterobacter other named | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 5 |
| Ìý | NDM | 19 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 14 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 20 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 14 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 18 | 12 | 4 |
| Ìý | VIM | 3 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Klebsiella serogenes | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pantoea septica | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/48 | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | 2024/01 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |