Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 14 (week ending 7 April 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous five.
| Week notification received | 2024/09 | 2024/10 | 2024/11 | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | 2024/14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 13 | 15 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 121 | 96 | 134 | 133 | 158 | 199 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 13 | 13 | 9 | 13 | 8 | 8 |
| Borrelia sp | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella sp | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 17 | 20 | 27 | 21 | 26 | 20 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter hyointestinalis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 234 | 217 | 278 | 255 | 280 | 185 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 762 | 789 | 888 | 843 | 702 | 714 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 31 | 35 | 47 | 35 | 33 | 36 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 234 | 152 | 180 | 153 | 152 | 112 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 6 | 2 | - | 3 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 132 | 159 | 191 | 138 | 114 | 111 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,312 | 1,217 | 1,473 | 1,293 | 1,499 | 1,279 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 38 | 31 | 41 | 35 | 296 | 36 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 16 | 47 | 56 | 18 | 13 | 8 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 160 | 311 | 353 | 136 | 85 | 63 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 7 | 3540 | 25 | 15 | 17 | 7 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 40 | 694 | 115 | 72 | 55 | 19 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | - | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 15 | 17 | 12 | 14 | 13 | - |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 26 | 51 | 44 | 31 | 37 | 8 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 24 | 30 | 29 | 22 | 35 | 82 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 3 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 5 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 80 | 82 | 88 | 74 | 59 | 57 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 26 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 17 |
| Hepatitis B | 355 | 356 | 390 | 351 | 329 | 235 |
| Hepatitis C | 268 | 218 | 257 | 249 | 212 | 161 |
| Hepatitis D | 4 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 7 |
| Hepatitis E | 42 | 22 | 35 | 19 | 19 | 25 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 2,055 | 1,929 | 2,132 | 1,503 | 1,460 | 957 |
| Influenza B | 344 | 401 | 548 | 497 | 411 | 407 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 7 | - | 10 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 51 | 38 | 52 | 43 | 33 | 24 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella pneumophila | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 13 | 7 |
| Legionella sp | 6 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | - |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 95 | 67 | 76 | 106 | 60 | 71 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 23 | 21 | 38 | 15 | 19 | 18 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 56 | 43 | 62 | 54 | 57 | 58 |
| Mumps virus | 12 | 10 | 12 | 5 | 14 | 12 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 1 | - | - | 10 | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 55 | 38 | 53 | 54 | 44 | 35 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 3 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 6 | 11 | 16 | 5 | 21 | 11 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 62 | 48 | 59 | 49 | 15 | 18 |
| Salmonella enterica | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 39 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 8 | 11 |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | 7 | 10 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 7 | 15 | 28 | 26 | 88 | 75 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 15 | 22 | 23 | 15 | 16 | 20 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 28 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 15 | 10 |
| Slmonella enterica | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 16 | 13 | 16 | 22 | 11 | 9 |
| Shigella sonnei | 33 | 20 | 25 | 22 | 16 | 11 |
| Shigella sp | 58 | 48 | 57 | 79 | 52 | 54 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 72 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 68 | 81 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 138 | 133 | 153 | 143 | 125 | 138 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to theÌýAMRHAIÌýReference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/09 | 2024/10 | 2024/11 | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | 2024/14 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 10 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 5 | 5 | 9 | - | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter other named | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | KPC | 1 | 3 | - | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 16 | 15 | 14 | 22 | 19 | 5 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 15 | 12 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 7 |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Hafnia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hafnia alvei | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 4 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 16 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 4 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other leclercia spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Mixta | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mixta calida | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia grimesii/liquefaciens/proteamaculans | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to theÌýAMRHAIÌýReference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/09 | 2024/10 | 2024/11 | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | 2024/14 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |