Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 39 (week ending 29 September 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/34 | 2024/35 | 2024/36 | 2024/37 | 2024/38 | 2024/39 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 28 | 19 | 27 | 19 | 31 | 17 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 140 | 106 | 100 | 104 | 86 | 103 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 27 | 47 | 66 | 51 | 41 | 27 |
| Borrelia sp | 5 | 6 | 13 | 8 | 12 | 2 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | 1 | - | 3 |
| Brucella sp | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 72 | 58 | 62 | 57 | 35 | 47 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 323 | 323 | 369 | 340 | 315 | 324 |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,216 | 1,102 | 1,278 | 1,268 | 1,169 | 1,235 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 4 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 28 | 28 | 24 | 30 | 33 | 28 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 20 | 21 | 15 | 9 | 24 | 17 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 77 | 87 | 60 | 122 | 100 | 68 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | - | 2 | - | - | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,424 | 1,607 | 1,739 | 1,744 | 2,523 | 2,995 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 62 | 41 | 72 | 59 | 65 | 76 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 15 | 8 | 16 | 36 | 19 | 19 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 84 | 62 | 113 | 337 | 170 | 113 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 6 | 16 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 17 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 61 | 49 | 37 | 63 | 62 | 75 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | - | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | 1 | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 19 | 22 | 38 | 27 | 38 | 13 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 42 | 68 | 67 | 47 | 70 | 26 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 47 | 42 | 71 | 82 | 99 | 128 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | 2 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 16 | 16 | 29 | 30 | 17 | 18 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 10 | 13 | 9 | 18 | 8 | 3 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia sp | 113 | 97 | 143 | 149 | 119 | 121 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 59 | 62 | 47 | 39 | 35 | 43 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 23 | 12 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 33 |
| Hepatitis B | 320 | 234 | 293 | 297 | 298 | 296 |
| Hepatitis C | 237 | 255 | 249 | 277 | 270 | 263 |
| Hepatitis D | 9 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 8 |
| Hepatitis E | 33 | 18 | 34 | 45 | 26 | 34 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 222 | 227 | 219 | 240 | 334 | 404 |
| Influenza B | 20 | 22 | 18 | 23 | 40 | 75 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | - | 1 | - | 4 | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 8 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 10 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella pneumophila | 7 | 15 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 |
| Legionella sp | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 2 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 117 | 70 | 96 | 110 | 69 | 67 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 9 | 12 | 12 | 24 | 16 | 13 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 14 | 6 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 11 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 49 | 33 | 29 | 22 | 18 | 19 |
| Mumps virus | 5 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | 2 | 28 | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 63 | 45 | 60 | 64 | 55 | 73 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 10 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 7 | 10 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 10 | 12 | 14 | 22 | 19 | 15 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia mooseri | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 75 | 85 | 89 | 60 | 49 | 19 |
| Salmonella agona | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella blockley | 8 | 18 | 19 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella bovis-morbificans | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella braenderup | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | 6 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 115 | 116 | 123 | 109 | 41 | 19 |
| Salmonella infantis | 7 | - | 7 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | - | - | 11 | - | - |
| Salmonella mikawasima | - | - | 9 | 8 | 6 | - |
| Salmonella newport | 7 | 5 | 15 | - | 5 | - |
| Salmonella oranienburg | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 37 | 31 | 53 | 139 | 229 | 242 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 17 | 17 | 14 | 29 | 39 | 30 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 46 | 44 | 65 | 44 | 23 | 16 |
| Salmonella enterica | 6 | - | - | 10 | 9 | 5 |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 14 | 16 | 21 | 17 | 14 | 10 |
| Shigella sonnei | 14 | 23 | 26 | 21 | 20 | 16 |
| Shigella sp | 69 | 59 | 75 | 89 | 108 | 97 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 54 | 65 | 69 | 64 | 45 | 42 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 62 | 59 | 46 | 61 | 59 | 75 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/34 | 2024/35 | 2024/36 | 2024/37 | 2024/38 | 2024/39 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 8 | 5 | 11 | 6 | 6 |
| Ìý | NDM | 11 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 7 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | - | - | 2 | 2 | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 3 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 10 | 20 | 16 | 18 | 12 | 6 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 18 | 19 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 5 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia hermannii | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 35 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 10 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 8 | 15 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 16 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea agglomerans | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pantoea septica | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Proteus vulgaris | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella planticola (klebsiella planticola) | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/34 | 2024/35 | 2024/36 | 2024/37 | 2024/38 | 2024/39 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 6 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri group | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | KPC | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |