Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 20 (week ending 18 May 2025)
Updated 1 September 2025
© Crown copyright 2025
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The list of causative agents that laboratories must notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) about has been expanded to include additional Ìýnotifiable organismsÌýwhich became reportable under theÌýÌýfrom 6 April 2025. Publication of the additional causative agents will begin at a later date, once reporting development work has been undertaken to include them.
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2025/15 | 2025/16 | 2025/17 | 2025/18 | 2025/19 | 2025/20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile Virus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 27 | 33 | 18 | 21 | 28 | 28 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 8 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 7 | 5 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 13 | 17 | 17 | 12 | 16 | 34 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 34 | 21 | 19 | 30 | 31 | 31 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Campylobacter gracilis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter hyointestinalis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 303 | 293 | 244 | 342 | 271 | 312 |
| Campylobacter lari | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 3 | 4 | 1 | - | 3 | - |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 988 | 1,046 | 880 | 1,117 | 887 | 1,257 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | - | - | - | 3 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 37 | 37 | 46 | 35 | 41 | 36 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 114 | 99 | 87 | 67 | 57 | 50 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 6 | 20 | 26 | 20 | 14 | 12 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,277 | 1,199 | 1,229 | 1,214 | 955 | 1,120 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 44 | 30 | 65 | 48 | 63 | 51 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 12 | 24 | 32 | 21 | 15 | 11 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 62 | 47 | 86 | 117 | 77 | 71 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 16 | 18 | 20 | 44 | 13 | 22 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 4 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 9 | 4 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 43 | 39 | 64 | 96 | 68 | 44 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 36 | 26 | 46 | 81 | 41 | 104 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 11 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 8 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 2 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 2 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia sp | 91 | 117 | 93 | 119 | 78 | 148 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 91 | 58 | 65 | 78 | 63 | 74 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 29 | 19 | 19 | 13 | 17 | 17 |
| Hepatitis B | 304 | 299 | 309 | 275 | 250 | 285 |
| Hepatitis C | 291 | 261 | 267 | 292 | 211 | 314 |
| Hepatitis D | 3 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 34 | 32 | 36 | 35 | 39 | 43 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 911 | 710 | 647 | 497 | 350 | 311 |
| Influenza B | 687 | 432 | 308 | 189 | 104 | 71 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | - | 8 | - | - | 4 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 28 | 31 | 28 | 17 | 5 | 10 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Legionella pneumophila | 7 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 9 |
| Legionella sp | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 13 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 110 | 108 | 88 | 97 | 67 | 80 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 35 | 36 | 23 | 29 | 24 | 26 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus positive | 5 | 5 | 5 | 13 | 8 | 7 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 14 | 19 | 20 | 12 | 28 | 27 |
| Mumps virus | 15 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 8 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 4 | 2 | - | - | - | 11 |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium ovale | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 63 | 57 | 46 | 46 | 42 | 50 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 9 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 13 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 6 | 8 | 8 | 26 | 9 | 15 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 1 | 3 | - | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 61 | 73 | 66 | 66 | 30 | 25 |
| Salmonella agona | - | - | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 21 | 36 | 47 | 61 | 27 | 12 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella java | 5 | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella kottbus | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | 5 | - | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | - | 5 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 14 | 36 | 18 | 50 | 94 | 159 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 15 | 11 | 14 | 27 | 16 | 14 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 17 | 16 | 23 | 17 | 18 | 10 |
| Slmonella enterica | - | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 15 | 31 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 10 |
| Shigella sonnei | 16 | 13 | 14 | 22 | 16 | 8 |
| Shigella sp | 34 | 55 | 45 | 81 | 64 | 93 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 54 | 62 | 49 | 59 | 52 | 65 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 151 | 169 | 163 | 127 | 95 | 127 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2025/15 | 2025/16 | 2025/17 | 2025/18 | 2025/19 | 2025/20 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 7 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | KPC | - | 3 | - | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 18 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 20 | 28 | 19 | 22 | 16 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Hafnia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hafnia alvei | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 10 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 3 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to.
| Week notification received | 2025/15 | 2025/16 | 2025/17 | 2025/18 | 2025/19 | 2025/20 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 |