Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 21 (week ending 25 May 2025)
Updated 1 September 2025
© Crown copyright 2025
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The list of causative agents that laboratories must notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) about has been expanded to include additional Ìýnotifiable organismsÌýwhich became reportable under theÌýÌýfrom 6 April 2025. Publication of the additional causative agents will begin at a later date, once reporting development work has been undertaken to include them.
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2025/17 | 2025/18 | 2025/19 | 2025/20 | 2025/21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile Virus | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 18 | 21 | 28 | 28 | 29 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 4 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 3 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 17 | 12 | 16 | 34 | 21 |
| Borrelia sp | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella sp | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 19 | 30 | 31 | 36 | 35 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Campylobacter hyointestinalis | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 244 | 342 | 273 | 366 | 347 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | - | 3 | - | 3 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 880 | 1,117 | 886 | 1,208 | 1,304 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | - | 3 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 46 | 35 | 41 | 37 | 37 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 87 | 72 | 61 | 53 | 49 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 26 | 20 | 14 | 12 | 28 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,231 | 1,221 | 958 | 1,124 | 1,042 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 65 | 48 | 63 | 51 | 36 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 32 | 21 | 15 | 11 | 18 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 86 | 117 | 77 | 71 | 62 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 4 | 8 | 8 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 20 | 44 | 13 | 22 | 19 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 3 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 7 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 65 | 98 | 68 | 72 | 10 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 45 | 80 | 40 | 66 | 57 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 4 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 5 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 11 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 8 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 2 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 6 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia sp | 93 | 119 | 78 | 148 | 102 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 65 | 78 | 64 | 74 | 56 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 19 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 15 |
| Hepatitis B | 309 | 277 | 258 | 296 | 305 |
| Hepatitis C | 267 | 292 | 212 | 324 | 276 |
| Hepatitis D | 3 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 8 |
| Hepatitis E | 36 | 35 | 39 | 43 | 33 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 649 | 497 | 352 | 313 | 270 |
| Influenza B | 308 | 191 | 104 | 71 | 58 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 8 | - | - | 4 | 3 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 28 | 17 | 5 | 10 | 13 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 7 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 9 |
| Legionella sp | 5 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 91 | 103 | 75 | 89 | 88 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 23 | 29 | 24 | 26 | 34 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus positive | 5 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 1 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 20 | 12 | 28 | 27 | 23 |
| Mumps virus | 3 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 5 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | - | 11 | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 46 | 46 | 42 | 50 | 63 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 15 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 8 | 26 | 9 | 15 | 20 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | - | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 67 | 66 | 53 | 48 | 22 |
| Salmonella agona | 7 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 47 | 65 | 44 | 29 | 12 |
| Salmonella infantis | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | 8 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 5 | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 17 | 41 | 42 | 102 | 154 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | 8 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 14 | 27 | 16 | 18 | 18 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 23 | 19 | 30 | 16 | 9 |
| Slmonella enterica | - | 6 | - | 6 | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 3 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 15 | 18 | 21 | 17 | 6 |
| Shigella sonnei | 14 | 22 | 16 | 9 | 14 |
| Shigella sp | 45 | 81 | 61 | 84 | 66 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 49 | 60 | 53 | 66 | 58 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 163 | 128 | 95 | 128 | 116 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2025/17 | 2025/18 | 2025/19 | 2025/20 | 2025/21 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | - | 1 | 5 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 19 | 22 | 23 | 18 | 6 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 19 | 22 | 17 | 26 | 6 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | 5 | 2 |
| Hafnia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hafnia alvei | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 4 | 3 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 12 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 4 |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to.
| Week notification received | 2025/17 | 2025/18 | 2025/19 | 2025/20 | 2025/21 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | - | 1 | 5 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 19 | 22 | 23 | 18 | 6 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 19 | 22 | 17 | 26 | 6 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | 5 | 2 |
| Hafnia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hafnia alvei | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 4 | 3 | 4 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 12 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 4 |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - |