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Some crimes directed by foreign states against individuals are referred to as ‘transnational repression’.

These crimes can take place physically and / or online and include:

• harassment, including on social media
• online disinformation campaigns
• surveillance
• stalking
• physical violence or threats of physical violence
• attempts to force individuals to return to their country of origin
• assassination or assassination attempts

This list is not exhaustive, transnational repression can take many forms.